The 3-machines energy transition model is a global system dynamics model based on energy balances,  and used to explore the energy frontiers for stabilizing the Earth's climate. The model comprises a hypothetical fossil engine, a solar engine including energy storage, and a carbon scrubber. These machines interact with Earth's carbon cycle and satisfy humanity’s energy demand. A detailed description can be accessed here: https://osf.io/fcwt8/

Simplified system dynamics model of the global carbon cycle. The model represents carbon exchange among four aggregated reservoirs: atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere, surface ocean, and deep ocean. Fossil fuel emissions enter the atmosphere as an external forcing, while internal flows redistribute carbon between the atmosphere, land, surface ocean, and deep ocean. The model is intended to explore transient behavior, natural carbon sinks, atmospheric carbon persistence, and the long-term regulating role of the ocean.