Spring, 2020: in the midst of on-line courses, due to the pandemic of Covid-19. With the onset of the Covid-19 coronavirus crisis, we focus on SIRD models, which might realistically model the course of the disease. We start with an SIR model, such as that featured in the MAA model featured
Mat375 SIR Math Modeling COVID-19 Coronavirus SIRD
Spring, 2020: in the midst of on-line courses, due to the pandemic of Covid-19.

With the onset of the Covid-19 coronavirus crisis, we focus on SIRD models, which might realistically model the course of the disease.

We start with an SIR model, such as that featured in the MAA model featured in

Without mortality, with time measured in days, with infection rate 1/2, recovery rate 1/3, and initial infectious population I_0=1.27x10-4, we reproduce their figure

With a death rate of .005 (one two-hundredth of the infected per day), an infectivity rate of 0.5, and a recovery rate of .145 or so (takes about a week to recover), we get some pretty significant losses -- about 3.2% of the total population.

Resources:
Coronavirus: A Simple SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) with death
Andrew E Long
40
This simple model demonstrates logistic growth.The differential equation looks like y'(t)=by(t)(1-y(t)/K) where K is the carrying capacity of the quantity y. Alternatively, y'(t)=by(t) - b/K*y(t)^2 so the growth term suggests exponential growth, but there is a loss term is of the form b/K y(t
Mat375 Math Modeling
This simple model demonstrates logistic growth.The differential equation looks like

y'(t)=by(t)(1-y(t)/K)

where K is the carrying capacity of the quantity y. Alternatively,

y'(t)=by(t) - b/K*y(t)^2

so the growth term suggests exponential growth, but there is a loss term is of the form b/K y(t) -- loss is proportional to population (crowding).

A comparable Mathematica file is available at
http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/2018spring/mat375/mathematica/LogisticGrowth-and-DecayModel.nb
Logistic Growth
Andrew E Long
90
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ "A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categori
Mat375 Olinick Markov Chain
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

"A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categories: low (below 6 pounds), average (between 6 and 8 pounds), and high (above 8 pounds). Among women whose own birth weights were low, 50 percent of the daughters had low birth weights, 45 percent had average weights, and 5 percent had high weights. Women with average birth weights had daughters with average weights half of the time, while the half was split evenly between low and high categories. Women with high birth weights had female babies with high weights 40 percent of the time, with low and average weights each occuring 30 percent of the time." p. 274-275.

For the Markov chain, you should make sure that you're taking time steps of length 1 in the settings, and Euler. RK-4 effectively looks beyond a single previous step, so it has a sort of memory!

Thanks Mike! Interesting examples, as always....
Andy Long

Next up: an SIR.
Clone of English Mother/Daughter Birth Weights
Clay Frink
The basic model of Modelling the Canada lynx and snowshoe hare population cycle: The role of specialist predators ( Tyson, et al.) demonstrates logistic growth in prey, and in predator (with prey dependence for carrying capacity). But interestingly, one possibility is limit cycles, which mimic the
Mat375 Math Modeling
The basic model of Modelling the Canada lynx and snowshoe hare population cycle: The role of specialist predators (Tyson, et al.) demonstrates logistic growth in prey, and in predator (with prey dependence for carrying capacity). But interestingly, one possibility is limit cycles, which mimic the cycling of the populations in nature.

The differential equations for the population of hare (x) is

x'(t) = rx(1-x/K)
            - gamma x^2/(x^2+eta^2)
            - alpha y x/(x+mu)

where K is the logistic carrying capacity of the prey (hare), in the absence of predation; the second term is a "generalist predation" term;  and the third term is the "specialist predation" (in the limit as the prey gets big, this becomes simply proportional to y (the lynx population)).

The differential equations for the population of lynx (y) is

y'(t) = sy(1- qy/x) = sy - sqy^2/x

for the predator (lynx), which is essentially logistic growth. Its growth term suggests exponential growth, but there is a loss term of the form sqy^2/x -- loss is proportional to population (crowding), and inversely proportional to prey density. As the hare population goes to zero, so shall the lynx....

As one can see, the prey density won't change if y=x/q. If the prey density were not changing at the same time, the system would be at equilibrium.

In this InsightMaker model, I scaled the second equation by multiplying by q, then replace y by w=qy throughout both equations. This requires a slight change in the prey equation -- alpha replaced by the ratio of alpha/q.  (I used my favorite mathematical trick, of multiplying by the appropriate form of 1!)

So what we're really looking at here is the system

x'(t) = rx(1-x/K)
            - gamma x^2/(x^2+eta^2)
            - alpha/q w x/(x+mu)
w'(t) = sw(1- w/x)

where w(t)=qy(t).

Tyson, et al. took q to be about 212 for hare and lynx -- so that it requires about 212 hare to allow for one lynx to survive at "equilibrium".

However, when alpha -- the hares/lynx/year -- gets sufficiently large (e.g. 1867 -- and that does seem like a lot of hares per lynx per year...:), limit cycles develop (rather than a stable equilibrium). This means that the populations oscillate about the equilibrium values, rather than stabilize at those values.

Author: Andy Long, Northern Kentucky University (2020)

Reference: Tyson, Rebecca, Sheena Haines,  Karen Hodges. Modelling the Canada lynx and snowshoe hare population cycle: The role of specialist predators. Theoretical Ecology. 3, 97–111 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12080-009-0057-1

Resource: A comparable Mathematica model can be found at  http://ceadserv1.nku.edu/longa//classes/mat375/days/Mathematica/BasicModel.nb,
which allows one to experiment a little more easily than one can with this InsightMaker model.
Basic Model, Tyson Lynx and Hare
Andrew E Long
47
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ "A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categori
Markov Chain Mat375 Olinick
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

"A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categories: low (below 6 pounds), average (between 6 and 8 pounds), and high (above 8 pounds). Among women whose own birth weights were low, 50 percent of the daughters had low birth weights, 45 percent had average weights, and 5 percent had high weights. Women with average birth weights had daughters with average weights half of the time, while the half was split evenly between low and high categories. Women with high birth weights had female babies with high weights 40 percent of the time, with low and average weights each occuring 30 percent of the time." p. 274-275.

For the Markov chain, you should make sure that you're taking time steps of length 1 in the settings, and Euler. RK-4 effectively looks beyond a single previous step, so it has a sort of memory!

Thanks Mike! Interesting examples, as always....
Andy Long

Next up: an SIR.
English Mother/Daughter Birth Weights
Andrew E Long
85
This (simplest!) model demonstrates logistic growth.The original differential equation looks like y'(t) = b y(t) (1 - y(t)/K) where K is the carrying capacity of the quantity y. But if we divide each side of the equation by K, we obtain d(y/K)/dt = b (y/K) (1-y/K) Defining a new va
Logistic Mat375 Non-dimensionalize Math Modeling
This (simplest!) model demonstrates logistic growth.The original differential equation looks like

y'(t) = b y(t) (1 - y(t)/K)

where K is the carrying capacity of the quantity y.

But if we divide each side of the equation by K, we obtain

d(y/K)/dt = b (y/K) (1-y/K)

Defining a new variable w, the population relative to its carrying capacity, we obtain

dw/dt = b w (1 - w)

Finally we divide both sides by b, to write

dw/d(bt) = w (1 - w)

So if we work in dimensionless time units of bt, we have

w' = w (1 - w)

where the derivative is with respect to the variable bt=τ. .
τ=τ
This
       This equation, as simple as possible, contains all the dynamics (all the ways the population can behave), while masking the "trivialities"; but it kind of hides the physical aspects of the problem. So it's easy to study, but harder to interpret: alas, you can't have it all!:) 

τ=1 when t=1b: so if b=.5/year, then τ=1 when t=2.

So the larger b (the greater the birthrate), the shorter the real time t to give τ=1.
τ=τ=

τ=

Non-dimensionalized Logistic Growth
Andrew E Long
3
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ "A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categori
Olinick Mat375 Markov Chain
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

"A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categories: low (below 6 pounds), average (between 6 and 8 pounds), and high (above 8 pounds). Among women whose own birth weights were low, 50 percent of the daughters had low birth weights, 45 percent had average weights, and 5 percent had high weights. Women with average birth weights had daughters with average weights half of the time, while the half was split evenly between low and high categories. Women with high birth weights had female babies with high weights 40 percent of the time, with low and average weights each occuring 30 percent of the time." p. 274-275.

For the Markov chain, you should make sure that you're taking time steps of length 1 in the settings, and Euler. RK-4 effectively looks beyond a single previous step, so it has a sort of memory!

Thanks Mike! Interesting examples, as always....
Andy Long

Next up: an SIR.
Clone of English Mother/Daughter Birth Weights
Donna Odhiambo
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ "A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categori
Olinick Markov Chain Mat375
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

"A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categories: low (below 6 pounds), average (between 6 and 8 pounds), and high (above 8 pounds). Among women whose own birth weights were low, 50 percent of the daughters had low birth weights, 45 percent had average weights, and 5 percent had high weights. Women with average birth weights had daughters with average weights half of the time, while the half was split evenly between low and high categories. Women with high birth weights had female babies with high weights 40 percent of the time, with low and average weights each occuring 30 percent of the time." p. 274-275.

For the Markov chain, you should make sure that you're taking time steps of length 1 in the settings, and Euler. RK-4 effectively looks beyond a single previous step, so it has a sort of memory!

Thanks Mike! Interesting examples, as always....
Andy Long

Next up: an SIR.
Clone of English Mother/Daughter Birth Weights
Austin Hardesty
This simple model demonstrates exponential growth or decay in a population. A comparable Mathematica file is at http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/2018spring/mat375/mathematica/ExponentialGrowth-and-DecayModel.nb
Math Modeling Mat375
This simple model demonstrates exponential growth or decay in a population.

A comparable Mathematica file is at
http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/2018spring/mat375/mathematica/ExponentialGrowth-and-DecayModel.nb
Exponential Growth
Andrew E Long
93
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ "A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categori
Mat375 Olinick Markov Chain
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

"A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categories: low (below 6 pounds), average (between 6 and 8 pounds), and high (above 8 pounds). Among women whose own birth weights were low, 50 percent of the daughters had low birth weights, 45 percent had average weights, and 5 percent had high weights. Women with average birth weights had daughters with average weights half of the time, while the half was split evenly between low and high categories. Women with high birth weights had female babies with high weights 40 percent of the time, with low and average weights each occuring 30 percent of the time." p. 274-275.

For the Markov chain, you should make sure that you're taking time steps of length 1 in the settings, and Euler. RK-4 effectively looks beyond a single previous step, so it has a sort of memory!

Thanks Mike! Interesting examples, as always....
Andy Long

Next up: an SIR.
Clone of English Mother/Daughter Birth Weights
Lizzy Compton
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ "A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categori
Markov Chain Mat375 Olinick
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

"A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categories: low (below 6 pounds), average (between 6 and 8 pounds), and high (above 8 pounds). Among women whose own birth weights were low, 50 percent of the daughters had low birth weights, 45 percent had average weights, and 5 percent had high weights. Women with average birth weights had daughters with average weights half of the time, while the half was split evenly between low and high categories. Women with high birth weights had female babies with high weights 40 percent of the time, with low and average weights each occuring 30 percent of the time." p. 274-275.

For the Markov chain, you should make sure that you're taking time steps of length 1 in the settings, and Euler. RK-4 effectively looks beyond a single previous step, so it has a sort of memory!

Thanks Mike! Interesting examples, as always....
Andy Long

Next up: an SIR.
Clone of English Mother/Daughter Birth Weights
Jacob Englert
This model illustrates predator prey interactions using real-life data of wolf and moose populations on the Isle Royale. It was "cloned" from a model that InsightMaker provides to its users, at https://insightmaker.com/insight/2068/Isle-Royale-Predator-Prey-Interactions Thanks Scott Fortmann-Roe.
Ecology Populations Environment Math Modeling Mat375
This model illustrates predator prey interactions using real-life data of wolf and moose populations on the Isle Royale. It was "cloned" from a model that InsightMaker provides to its users, at
https://insightmaker.com/insight/2068/Isle-Royale-Predator-Prey-Interactions
Thanks Scott Fortmann-Roe.

I've created a Mathematica file that replicates the model, at
http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/2018spring/mat375/mathematica/Moose-n-Wolf-InsightMaker.nb

It allows one to experiment with adjusting the initial number of moose and wolves on the island.

I used steepest descent in Mathematica to optimize the parameters, with my objective data being the ratio of wolves to moose. You can try my (admittedly) kludgy code, at
http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/2018spring/mat375/mathematica/Moose-n-Wolf-InsightMaker-BestFit.nb

{WolfBirthRateFactorStart,
WolfDeathRateStart,
MooseBirthRateStart,
MooseDeathRateFactorStart,
moStart,
woStart} =
{0.000267409,
0.239821,
0.269755,
0.0113679,
591,
23.};

Isle Royale: Predator/Prey Model for Moose and Wolves
Andrew E Long
26
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ "A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categori
Markov Chain Mat375 Olinick
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

"A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categories: low (below 6 pounds), average (between 6 and 8 pounds), and high (above 8 pounds). Among women whose own birth weights were low, 50 percent of the daughters had low birth weights, 45 percent had average weights, and 5 percent had high weights. Women with average birth weights had daughters with average weights half of the time, while the half was split evenly between low and high categories. Women with high birth weights had female babies with high weights 40 percent of the time, with low and average weights each occuring 30 percent of the time." p. 274-275.

For the Markov chain, you should make sure that you're taking time steps of length 1 in the settings, and Euler. RK-4 effectively looks beyond a single previous step, so it has a sort of memory!

Thanks Mike! Interesting examples, as always....
Andy Long

Next up: an SIR.
Clone of English Mother/Daughter Birth Weights
Parker Kain
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ "A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categori
Olinick Mat375 Markov Chain
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

"A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categories: low (below 6 pounds), average (between 6 and 8 pounds), and high (above 8 pounds). Among women whose own birth weights were low, 50 percent of the daughters had low birth weights, 45 percent had average weights, and 5 percent had high weights. Women with average birth weights had daughters with average weights half of the time, while the half was split evenly between low and high categories. Women with high birth weights had female babies with high weights 40 percent of the time, with low and average weights each occuring 30 percent of the time." p. 274-275.

For the Markov chain, you should make sure that you're taking time steps of length 1 in the settings, and Euler. RK-4 effectively looks beyond a single previous step, so it has a sort of memory!

Thanks Mike! Interesting examples, as always....
Andy Long

Next up: an SIR.
Markov Chain SIR Model 3/26
Sally Dufek
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ Next up: and SIR, and his interesting model of female birth weights.
Markov Chain Olinick Mat375
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

Next up: and SIR, and his interesting model of female birth weights.
Clone of Flakes no more!
Connor Edwards
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ Next up: and SIR, and his interesting model of female birth weights.
Markov Chain Mat375 Olinick
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

Next up: and SIR, and his interesting model of female birth weights.
Flakes no more!
Andrew E Long
111
This insight implements integration as an InsightMaker model. It is important to use Euler's method, with Simulation Length equal to n, in Seconds. Fun to try a couple of different cases, so I have built four choices into this example. You can choose the function ("Function Choice" o
Mat375 Mathematics Integral Calculus Numerical Analysis

This insight implements integration as an InsightMaker model.

It is important to use Euler's method, with Simulation Length equal to n, in Seconds.

Fun to try a couple of different cases, so I have built four choices into this example. You can choose the function ("Function Choice" of 0, 1, 2, or 3) using the slider.

Andy Long
Spring, 2020




​
Integral of a function
Andrew E Long
This model illustrates predator prey interactions using real-life data of wolf and moose populations on the Isle Royale. It was "cloned" from a model that InsightMaker provides to its users, at https://insightmaker.com/insight/2068/Isle-Royale-Predator-Prey-Interactions Thanks Scott Fortmann-Roe.
Populations Environment Mat375 Math Modeling Ecology
This model illustrates predator prey interactions using real-life data of wolf and moose populations on the Isle Royale. It was "cloned" from a model that InsightMaker provides to its users, at
https://insightmaker.com/insight/2068/Isle-Royale-Predator-Prey-Interactions
Thanks Scott Fortmann-Roe.

I've created a Mathematica file that replicates the model, at
http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/2018spring/mat375/mathematica/Moose-n-Wolf-InsightMaker.nb

It allows one to experiment with adjusting the initial number of moose and wolves on the island.

I used steepest descent in Mathematica to optimize the parameters, with my objective data being the ratio of wolves to moose. You can try my (admittedly) kludgy code, at
http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/2018spring/mat375/mathematica/Moose-n-Wolf-InsightMaker-BestFit.nb

{WolfBirthRateFactorStart,
WolfDeathRateStart,
MooseBirthRateStart,
MooseDeathRateFactorStart,
moStart,
woStart} =
{0.000267409,
0.239821,
0.269755,
0.0113679,
591,
23.};

Clone of Isle Royale: Predator/Prey Model for Moose and Wolves
Donna Odhiambo
This is a first example of a simple SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) model. There are three pools of individuals: those who are infected (without them, no disease!), the pool of those who are at risk (susceptible), and the recovered -- who may lose their immunity and become susceptible again
Math Modeling Mat375 SIR
This is a first example of a simple SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) model.

There are three pools of individuals: those who are infected (without them, no disease!), the pool of those who are at risk (susceptible), and the recovered -- who may lose their immunity and become susceptible again.

A comparable model in Mathematica is available at
http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/2018spring/mat375/mathematica/SIRModel.nb

A Simple SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) Example
Andrew E Long
123
Insight diagram
Olinick Mat375 Markov Chain
SIR Markov
Jacob Englert
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ Next up: and SIR, and his interesting model of female birth weights.
Markov Chain Olinick Mat375
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

Next up: and SIR, and his interesting model of female birth weights.
Clone of Flakes no more!
Austin Campbell
Insight diagram
Mat375 Olinick Markov Chain
Galla
Allison Zembrodt
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences . ​ "A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categori
Mat375 Markov Chain Olinick
This is an introductory example from Olinick's book An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences. ​

"A recent study focused on the relationship between the birth weights of English women and the birth weights of their daughters. The weights were split into three categories: low (below 6 pounds), average (between 6 and 8 pounds), and high (above 8 pounds). Among women whose own birth weights were low, 50 percent of the daughters had low birth weights, 45 percent had average weights, and 5 percent had high weights. Women with average birth weights had daughters with average weights half of the time, while the half was split evenly between low and high categories. Women with high birth weights had female babies with high weights 40 percent of the time, with low and average weights each occuring 30 percent of the time." p. 274-275.

For the Markov chain, you should make sure that you're taking time steps of length 1 in the settings, and Euler. RK-4 effectively looks beyond a single previous step, so it has a sort of memory!

Thanks Mike! Interesting examples, as always....
Andy Long

Next up: an SIR.
Driehaus SIR Markov Chain
Rachel Driehaus
This is an example from Cushing's book An Introduction to Structured Population Dynamics . ​ The parameters initially included reproduce the bifurcation results on p. 39 of Cushing's manuscript. The tuning parameter is b, the birthrate. p. 37: The LPA flour beetle model. The bifurcation diagra
Leslie Matrices Cushing Mat375
This is an example from Cushing's book An Introduction to Structured Population Dynamics. ​

The parameters initially included reproduce the bifurcation results on p. 39 of Cushing's manuscript.
The tuning parameter is b, the birthrate.

p. 37: The LPA flour beetle model.

The bifurcation diagram for parameter b is on page 39;
The bifurcation diagram for mu adult is on p. 59;
The bifurcation diagram for C pa is on p. 60.

Andy Long

Clone of Cannibalistic and Chaotic Flour Beetles
Terra Ficke