A basic production model showing negative and positive loops, often called a balancing model.
Thanks
Gene.

High altitude environments challenge the physiology of mammals mainly due to hypoxic conditions. As a response to this, many mammals show molecular adaptations e.g. by mutations in the genes encoding the hemoglobins. This can result in an increase O2 affinity (and thereby a leftshifted O2 dissociation curve) which will enhance the pulmonary loading of O2. However, the shift can also hamper the O2 unloading process to the metabolic tissue. To elucidate this trade-off between loading and unloading a numerical computer model was made in the program Insigt maker based on the organism, deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). The numerical solution was calculated by the Runge-Kutta method. A time step (dt) of 0.00001 was chosen, as the results were independent of dt at this value. This was tested by investigating the residual values of an interval of dt around 0.00001. The model showed how the trade-off is expressed at different altitudes and how the degree of advantages/disadvantages varies. Based on the model it can be suggested that the trade-off is beneficial, when the hypoxia is severe at high altitude. This is consistent with previously findings. 

 

Level of biological organization linking cell level division and population level evolution

Go to Gene Bellinger's insight version with video link This common archetype of systems that include relapse or recidivism allows exploration of the unintended effects of increasing upstream capacity and swamping downstream capacity. The increase in the relapse rate eventually returns to swamp upstream capacity as well. A social welfare example, based on a TANF case study, from How Small System Dynamics Models Can Help the Policy Process. N. Ghaffarzadegan, J. Lyneis, GP Richardson. System Dynamics Review 27,1 (2011) 22-44 abstract Conference version here

​From Fig 1.1 p11  Pigliucci M and Muller GB (2010) Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. This is a shift in emphasis from statistical correlation to mechanistic causation (p12), including the conditions for the origin and innovation of traits (p13). It overcomes the gradualism, externalism and gene centrism of the Modern Synthesis. Non-gradual change is a property of complex dynamical systems. EvoDevo processes generate particular forms of change rather than others.Genes are followers in the evolutionary process that capture the emergent interactions among environment, development and inheritance into genetic-epigenetic circuits, which are passed to and elaborated on in subsequent generations (p14).

Small Intestine example from Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology Special Issue 2016 From the century of the genome to the century of the organism: New theoretical approaches paper on organization. Compare with Bogdanov (click tag)

This is a stock-flow consistent model, namely a modified version of the simplest (PC) model with money and boonds.

Godley/Lavoie (2006), chapter 4

(I had to change the equation for consumption demand. The disposable income now enters with a time lag of one period. Otherwise the model would be recursive and would not work in Insight Maker. Thanks to Gene for support.)

Summary of evolution and the modern synthesis with genetics. See also the more recent extended synthesis IM-2099

Success to the successful archetype represents two reinforcing structures which may be in a delicate balance though as soon as one gains a small advantage the resource allocation favors the more successful and the result is then rapidly skewed in the direction of the more successful. See also Archetypes.

WIP based mostly on Jan Toporowski 2013 vol 1 and 2018 vol 2 books on Michal Kalecki: An Intellectual Biography  

A shifting the burden structure occurs when there are different ways to address a situation. With one approach being easier, faster, and requiring fewer resources, which do you think gets pursued? The problem is that taking the easier path ensures one will have to take the easier path repeatedly, and makes it harder to pursue the long-term better solution. See also Archetypes.