Modified from Sterman (2006) and Gene Bellinger's Assumptions IM-351 by Dr Rosemarie Sadsad UNSW See also Complex Decision Technologies IM and IM-63975

New Learning tend to reduce Outdated Thinking, Communicating & Learning though our Outdated Thinking, Communicating & Learning inhibits new learning. The question is then how do we break this cycle. Adopted from "An Introduction to Systems Thinking with STELLA" by Barry Richmond.

From NIMH Research Domain Criteria website and BMC paper and 2013 series on current controversies in psychiatry.

WIP based mostly on Jan Toporowski 2013 vol 1 and 2018 vol 2 books on Michal Kalecki: An Intellectual Biography  

Our computer model details the change in allele frequency of resistant mosquitoes in Africa when the government began spraying DDT. The few mosquitoes that naturally survived the chemical sprays reproduced, and created a large population of resistant mosquitoes. When DDT was sprayed later to prevent the spread of malaria, the DDT was not as effective because of the large amount of DDT-resistant phenotypes in the population.

Level of biological organization linking cell level division and population level evolution

WIP for planning  some relevant online M&S Learning Communities for Health

Cloned and Simplified Insight from Eric Wolstenholme's explanation of hospital congestion IM from March 2022 Youtube video and online stella presentation. Use of cascading interlinked archetypes. See Kumu version,  early discharge boundaries IM for an earlier version and Generic Archetypes IM from Gene

We want to know the estimated projected Earnings before tax of a 5 year project. For this we have modeled Sales Growth, Cost of goods sold and Admin. expenses applying sensitivity testing by using probability distributions.

Summary of evolution and the modern synthesis with genetics. See also the more recent extended synthesis IM-2099

Grimm's ODD and Nate Osgood's ABM Modeling Process and Courses See also Pattern Oriented Modelling IM-3834

William T. Powers insight that animate behavior is the purposeful control of perception. Behavior exists to control perceptual signals; internal reference signals are purposes. Continual reorganization of ends and means in the face of obstacles is Learning.

No economy can function well without adequate funding and in the absence of finance will eventually fall into recession. Funds (financial assets in the model) are primarily injected through investments. This is certainly true for investments and payments undertaken by the government but also for private investments via bank loans. Net exports (i.e.trade surpluses) also represent an injecton of financial assets into the economy. By contrast financial assets are taken out of the economy through taxation, the repayment of bank loans and the running of a negative trade balance. Also, if the population in aggregate decides to save more this has the effect as if money were taken out of the economy. I have deliberately avoided specifying where the funds for treasury payments and public investments come from, as this is controversial. Modern Monetary Theory, for instance, says that these funds are not provided through tax revenue. Austerity can be seen as a process that deliberately diminishes or takes out financial assets from the economy through taxation, restrictions on bank loans or cutbacks in payments and public spending by the government. It is probably useful to look at insights 2740 and 2741 before examining this CLD because they provide the context and purpose for net public spending and investment.

Since the mid-eighteenth century, new jobs have emerged then vanished throughout successive revolutions (Industrial, Technological, Digital) due to a combination of globalisation and automation. Now a fourth revolution (the joining of technologies like artificial intelligence, gene editing, and advanced robotics) threatens 4.4 million knowledge work jobs in the UK (“Transformed by AI – how generative artificial intelligence could affect work in the UK”, IPPR, March 2024).

Second Draft

NICOLE DESARIO 

AP BIOLOGY 

JUNE 2013


There are many factors that lead to an increased risk of osteoporosis later in life. Some of these risks are congenital; fixed risks that were acquired during fetal development. Other risks are created or reduced by an individual depending on their lifestyle; which make them unfixed variables. 

Definition: OSTEOPOROSIS (Also known as degenerative bone disease) - "is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis, the bone mineral density (BMD) of an individual is reduced, bone micro-architecture deteriorates, and the amount and variety of proteins in bone and variety of proteins in bone are altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization as a bone mineral density of 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean peak bone mass (average of young healthy adults)."

NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS (Explained)

Age: Increased age increases likelihood of developing osteoporosis

Sex: Females are more likely to experience osteoporosis fragility fractures

Race: Osteoporosis is more common in people of European and Asian decent

Frame: Thin-framed individuals do not stress their bones as much as heavier-set individuals, and therefore do not have as "thick" bones, and are more likely to develop fragile bones (osteoporosis) 

Family history: 30 genes are linked to development of osteoporosis, so an individual can be anywhere between 25 and 80% more likely to develop osteoporosis if it exists in the family. (my mother has it, so I am very likely to develop it if I don't actively make the efforts to protect my bones from degenerating over time.)

Insufficient Prenatal Care: During development in the womb if a fetus does not receive appropriate nutrition, it may develop malnutrition-related deficiency diseases.

(POTENTIALLY) MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS (Explained)

Smoking/Drinking: Excessive use could lead to increased risk because alcohol use decreases your ability to absorb nutrients. It interferes with the absorption of calcium and Vit D (stomach, pancreas and liver affected). Alcohol also kills osteoblasts, the bone-making cells. It also increases bone-damaging hormones cortisol and parathyroid hormone 

Medication Use: Some medications increase risk of osteoporosis however discontinuing use of said medications is often impossible, and therefore the modifiable risk is non-modifiable at times.

Dietary Habits: Majority of bone development happens before an individual reaches the age of 20, so if dietary requirements of calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus are insufficient, there will be a greater chance of osteoporosis later in life. 

Hormone Levels: In females, estrogen deficiency following menopause or oophorectomy is correlated with rapid reduction in bone mineral density, while in men, a decrease in testosterone levels has a comparable (but less pronounced) effect.

Sedentary Lifestyle: Staying active and stressing your bones decreases chances of osteoporosis because it encourages osteoblastic activity, if an individual is extremely sedentary, (coupled with a thin frame possibly) they are very susceptible to osteoporosis, and should consider getting active. Also, an individual with more sun exposure absorbs more Vit D.

Fractures: Increased breakage of bones creates weak points where BMD cannot recover to what it was prior to the fracture. Individuals should stay out of fights, reduce falling, and avoid clumsy behavior.