No economy can function well without adequate funding and in the absence of finance will eventually fall into recession. Funds (financial assets in the model) are primarily injected through investments. This is certainly true for investments and payments undertaken by the government but also for private investments via bank loans. Net exports (i.e.trade surpluses) also represent an injecton of financial assets into the economy. By contrast financial assets are taken out of the economy through taxation, the repayment of bank loans and the running of a negative trade balance. Also, if the population in aggregate decides to save more this has the effect as if money were taken out of the economy. I have deliberately avoided specifying where the funds for treasury payments and public investments come from, as this is controversial. Modern Monetary Theory, for instance, says that these funds are not provided through tax revenue. Austerity can be seen as a process that deliberately diminishes or takes out financial assets from the economy through taxation, restrictions on bank loans or cutbacks in payments and public spending by the government. It is probably useful to look at insights 2740 and 2741 before examining this CLD because they provide the context and purpose for net public spending and investment.

From Fig 12.2 p317 Pigliucci M and Muller GB (2010) Evolution: The Extended Synthesis

Small Intestine example from Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology Special Issue 2016 From the century of the genome to the century of the organism: New theoretical approaches paper on organization. Compare with Bogdanov (click tag)

Level of biological organization linking cell level division and population level evolution

Revisiting CLD unfolding based on my Feb2026 Gemini interaction using Gene Bellinger's \mc1 and \lr (old \mr)  AI prompts

Causal loop diagram illustrating how evolution, in the form of small incremental change (realized through random genetic mutation) paired with natural selection, serves to evolve species.

Gene Bellinger's CST course requires several causation models to be developed. This is my first sheet of such models.

WIP for planning  some relevant online M&S Learning Communities for Health

GSD simulation

Adapted from Fig.1. and 2, from Ana V Diez Roux (2011) Complex Systems Thinking May Help Us Transcend Current Impasses in Health Disparities Research Am J Public Health 2011;101 1627-1634  http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/101/9/1627?etoc

​From Fig 1.1 p11  Pigliucci M and Muller GB (2010) Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. This is a shift in emphasis from statistical correlation to mechanistic causation (p12), including the conditions for the origin and innovation of traits (p13). It overcomes the gradualism, externalism and gene centrism of the Modern Synthesis. Non-gradual change is a property of complex dynamical systems. EvoDevo processes generate particular forms of change rather than others.Genes are followers in the evolutionary process that capture the emergent interactions among environment, development and inheritance into genetic-epigenetic circuits, which are passed to and elaborated on in subsequent generations (p14).

WIP based mostly on Jan Toporowski 2013 vol 1 and 2018 vol 2 books on Michal Kalecki: An Intellectual Biography  

Summary of the Bumpus 2025 paper and 2024 video Wilmer Leal - Towards a Unified Theory of Time-Varying Data using Gene Bellinger's gemini prompts in a Jan2026 interaction. Paper featured in Nate Osgood's 2025 usask course on Sheaves and Applied Category THeory