​From Fig 1.1 p11  Pigliucci M and Muller GB (2010) Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. This is a shift in emphasis from statistical correlation to mechanistic causation (p12), including the conditions for the origin and innovation of traits (p13). It overcomes the gradualism, externalism and gene centrism of the Modern Synthesis. Non-gradual change is a property of complex dynamical systems. EvoDevo processes generate particular forms of change rather than others.Genes are followers in the evolutionary process that capture the emergent interactions among environment, development and inheritance into genetic-epigenetic circuits, which are passed to and elaborated on in subsequent generations (p14).

Adapted from Fig 2, from Ana V Diez Roux (2011) Complex Systems Thinking May Help Us Transcend Current Impasses in Health Disparities Research Am J Public Health 2011;101 1627-1634  http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/101/9/1627?etoc

Adapted from Fig.1.from Ana V Diez Roux (2011) Complex Systems Thinking May Help Us Transcend Current Impasses in Health Disparities Research Am J Public Health 2011;101 1627-1634 http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/101/9/1627?etoc

Model in support of an article being written about the relationship between investment and austerity. See Version 2

WIP Cloned insight (Fig 3.1 from Jorgen Randers book 2052 a Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years) with Fidel Kaboub MMT Prespective CLD kumu added ALso AI based work at Gene's brain link  and Colonial origins (Why Nations Fail Critique paper (also via brain link) Continued top down integration at insight

No economy can function well without adequate funding and in the absence of finance will eventually fall into recession. Funds (financial assets in the model) are primarily injected through investments. This is certainly true for investments and payments undertaken by the government but also for private investments via bank loans. Net exports (i.e.trade surpluses) also represent an injecton of financial assets into the economy. By contrast financial assets are taken out of the economy through taxation, the repayment of bank loans and the running of a negative trade balance. Also, if the population in aggregate decides to save more this has the effect as if money were taken out of the economy. I have deliberately avoided specifying where the funds for treasury payments and public investments come from, as this is controversial. Modern Monetary Theory, for instance, says that these funds are not provided through tax revenue. Austerity can be seen as a process that deliberately diminishes or takes out financial assets from the economy through taxation, restrictions on bank loans or cutbacks in payments and public spending by the government. It is probably useful to look at insights 2740 and 2741 before examining this CLD because they provide the context and purpose for net public spending and investment.