Translated from Hormone.stm in Dynamic Modeling in the Health Sciences James L hargrove, Springer 1998, Ch 24 p255-261, by Mark Heffernan.

A summary of the article and CLDs in How exposure to chronic stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes: A complexity science approach  Merabet 2022  

A simple glucose regulation causal loop diagram taken from Richard O. Foster, 1970: The Dynamics of blood sugar regulation, MSc thesis, MIT Dept of Electrical Engineering, available on the MIT System Dynamics Group Literature Collection and in the MIT Electronic Libraries. See IM-587 for Addition of Glucagon

This three loop goal-seeking structure identifies the three key influences on managing blood glucose for people with diabetes - insulin injections reduce blood glucose levels, exercise reduces blood glucose levels, and food increases blood glucose levels.  The balance of all three is necessary to manage diabetes.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Modelo mínimo de cinética de la glucosa de Bergman, utilizado para calcular la sensibilidad a la insulina a partir de una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa intravenosa (IVGTT). La insulina plasmática I (t) entra en un compartimento remoto X (t) donde actúa acelerando la desaparición de la glucosa G (t) hacia la periferia y el hígado, e inhibiendo la producción de glucosa hepática

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Tissue repair process of Inflammation with fibrosis or healing physiological circuits  from Ch 5 of Uri Alon's System Medicine Book

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics insight as a physiology circuit  and the more general secrete and grow notif from Uri Alon's System Medicine added. The circuits are then expressed in System Dynamics maps which distinguish between links and flows and add both where required

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.

Minimal model of glucose kinetics by Bergman, used to calculate insulin sensitivity from an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT). Plasma insulin I(t) enters a remote compartment X(t) where it is active in accelerating glucose G(t) disappearance into the periphery and liver, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Adapted from Minimal Models for Glucose and Insulin Kinetics: A Matlab implementation by Natal van Riel, Eindhoven University of Technology 2004 by Mark Heffernan.