Your browser (Internet Explorer 8 or lower) is out of date. It has known security flaws and may not display all features of this and other websites. Learn how to update your browser.

X

Menu

Education

Clone of Predator-Prey Model ("Lotka'Volterra")
Iman Hapiztuddin

Dynamic simulation modelers are particularly interested in understanding and being able to distinguish between the behavior of stocks and flows that result from internal interactions and those that result from external forces acting on a system.  For some time modelers have been particularly interested in internal interactions that result in stable oscillations in the absence of any external forces acting on a system.  The model in this last scenario was independently developed by Alfred Lotka (1924) and Vito Volterra (1926).  Lotka was interested in understanding internal dynamics that might explain oscillations in moth and butterfly populations and the parasitoids that attack them.  Volterra was interested in explaining an increase in coastal populations of predatory fish and a decrease in their prey that was observed during World War I when human fishing pressures on the predator species declined.  Both discovered that a relatively simple model is capable of producing the cyclical behaviors they observed.  Since that time, several researchers have been able to reproduce the modeling dynamics in simple experimental systems consisting of only predators and prey.  It is now generally recognized that the model world that Lotka and Volterra produced is too simple to explain the complexity of most and predator-prey dynamics in nature.  And yet, the model significantly advanced our understanding of the critical role of feedback in predator-prey interactions and in feeding relationships that result in community dynamics.The Lotka–Volterra model makes a number of assumptions about the environment and evolution of the predator and prey populations:
1. The prey population finds ample food at all times.2. The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the size of the prey population.3. The rate of change of population is proportional to its size.4. During the process, the environment does not change in favour of one species and genetic adaptation is inconsequential.5. Predators have limitless appetite.As differential equations are used, the solution is deterministic and continuous. This, in turn, implies that the generations of both the predator and prey are continually overlapping.[23]
Prey
When multiplied out, the prey equation becomesdx/dt = αx - βxy The prey are assumed to have an unlimited food supply, and to reproduce exponentially unless subject to predation; this exponential growth is represented in the equation above by the term αx. The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet; this is represented above by βxy. If either x or y is zero then there can be no predation.

With these two terms the equation above can be interpreted as: the change in the prey's numbers is given by its own growth minus the rate at which it is preyed upon.

Predators

The predator equation becomes

dy/dt =  - 

In this equation, {\displaystyle \displaystyle \delta xy} represents the growth of the predator population. (Note the similarity to the predation rate; however, a different constant is used as the rate at which the predator population grows is not necessarily equal to the rate at which it consumes the prey). {\displaystyle \displaystyle \gamma y} represents the loss rate of the predators due to either natural death or emigration; it leads to an exponential decay in the absence of prey.

Hence the equation expresses the change in the predator population as growth fueled by the food supply, minus natural death.


Education Chaos Ecology Biology Population

  • 1 year 3 months ago

Chinese IELTS institution system
Mengyun Li
After heated discussion and debates and several rounds of review, the management team of the school makes up the decision to promote certain training courses and informs the advertising department of the result. As soon as the advertising department receives the result, both online promotion programs and offline promotion programs will be launched immediately to deliver the information to potential customers.

If customers are attracted by the advertising campaigns, they will contact the sales department for more information on the courses. The employees of the sales department will use all possible sales skills to persuade customers into enrolling in the courses. Once customers decided to enroll, trainers will be sent to provide them with the type of training they need in the following weeks. After the completion of training courses, customers will make attempts to get the desire IELTS score.

Normally, students who achieve desired scores will share the good new with the members of the management team or their trainers who, in turn, will deliver the positive feedback to the advertising department. The advertising department can therefore produce more attractive advertisements to create more positive marketing effects.

However, students who fail to achieve desired scores usually query the quality of the training course and complain to the management team. The management team will collect their negative feedback and review whether their feedback gives a true and fair view of the situation. Changes in both the courses and advertising strategy will be made based on the review of the feedbacks in order to minimize the negative impacts that these students can bring to the organization.

If the advertising campaigns are not as effective as expected, the school will witness in a decrease in the number of potential customers, and, in turn, a drop in market share.    

Education IELTS

  • 4 years 2 days ago

Prey&Predator - 3z MA
Johan Raunkjær Borre
​Physical meaning of the equationsThe Lotka–Volterra model makes a number of assumptions about the environment and evolution of the predator and prey populations:
1. The prey population finds ample food at all times.2. The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the size of the prey population.3. The rate of change of population is proportional to its size.4. During the process, the environment does not change in favour of one species and genetic adaptation is inconsequential.5. Predators have limitless appetite.As differential equations are used, the solution is deterministic and continuous. This, in turn, implies that the generations of both the predator and prey are continually overlapping.[23]
Prey
When multiplied out, the prey equation becomesdx/dt = αx - βxy The prey are assumed to have an unlimited food supply, and to reproduce exponentially unless subject to predation; this exponential growth is represented in the equation above by the term αx. The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet; this is represented above by βxy. If either x or y is zero then there can be no predation.

With these two terms the equation above can be interpreted as: the change in the prey's numbers is given by its own growth minus the rate at which it is preyed upon.

Predators

The predator equation becomes

dy/dt =  - 

In this equation, {\displaystyle \displaystyle \delta xy} represents the growth of the predator population. (Note the similarity to the predation rate; however, a different constant is used as the rate at which the predator population grows is not necessarily equal to the rate at which it consumes the prey). {\displaystyle \displaystyle \gamma y} represents the loss rate of the predators due to either natural death or emigration; it leads to an exponential decay in the absence of prey.

Hence the equation expresses the change in the predator population as growth fueled by the food supply, minus natural death.


Education Chaos Ecology Biology Population

  • 1 year 3 weeks ago

Causal Loop Education System
Karly Dyson
This diagram depicts the cause and effect of how different variables in the education system affect student performance and education quality. Curriculum and Federal Funding can positively and negatively impact the quality of education of a school. The better the quality education, the better a student will likely perform in class. When a student performs better or worse, that affects the test score outcome. When test scores are higher or lower, that affects the amount of federal funding given to the school. High stakes testing increases students' stress levels, which can lead to a negative student performance on tests.

Education

  • 1 year 3 weeks ago

Pages