From Jennifer Prah Ruger (2010) Health Capability Conceptualization and Operationalization Am J Public Health 100 p41-49 available from SSRN. Extends Insight 779 with Dahlgren and Whitehead's Sunrise Diagram of Social Determinants of Health added. See also wikipedia Capability Approach

This is a stock-flow consistent model, namely a modified version of the simplest (PC) model with money and boonds.

Godley/Lavoie (2006), chapter 4

(I had to change the equation for consumption demand. The disposable income now enters with a time lag of one period. Otherwise the model would be recursive and would not work in Insight Maker. Thanks to Gene for support.)

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Simulation model details the change in allele frequency of resistant mosquitoes when the government began spraying DDT. The few mosquitoes that naturally survived the chemical sprays reproduced, and created a large population of resistant mosquitoes. When DDT was sprayed later to prevent the spread of malaria, the DDT was not as effective because of the large amount of DDT-resistant phenotypes in the population.

​From Fig 1.1 p11  Pigliucci M and Muller GB (2010) Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. This is a shift in emphasis from statistical correlation to mechanistic causation (p12), including the conditions for the origin and innovation of traits (p13). It overcomes the gradualism, externalism and gene centrism of the Modern Synthesis. Non-gradual change is a property of complex dynamical systems. EvoDevo processes generate particular forms of change rather than others.Genes are followers in the evolutionary process that capture the emergent interactions among environment, development and inheritance into genetic-epigenetic circuits, which are passed to and elaborated on in subsequent generations (p14).

No economy can function well without adequate funding and in the absence of finance will eventually fall into recession. Funds (financial assets in the model) are primarily injected through investments. This is certainly true for investments and payments undertaken by the government but also for private investments via bank loans. Net exports (i.e.trade surpluses) also represent an injecton of financial assets into the economy. By contrast financial assets are taken out of the economy through taxation, the repayment of bank loans and the running of a negative trade balance. Also, if the population in aggregate decides to save more this has the effect as if money were taken out of the economy. I have deliberately avoided specifying where the funds for treasury payments and public investments come from, as this is controversial. Modern Monetary Theory, for instance, says that these funds are not provided through tax revenue. Austerity can be seen as a process that deliberately diminishes or takes out financial assets from the economy through taxation, restrictions on bank loans or cutbacks in payments and public spending by the government. It is probably useful to look at insights 2740 and 2741 before examining this CLD because they provide the context and purpose for net public spending and investment.

Unfolding causal loop diagram story of hospital congestion from Eric Wolstenholme's more detailed explanation of hospital congestion IM from March 2022 Youtube video and online stella presentation. Use of cascading interlinked archetypes. See Kumu version,  early discharge boundaries IM for an earlier version and Generic Archetypes IM from Gene Bellinger

Description later.

Conceptual map (Directed Cyclic Graph) of Applied Category Theory based on my Feb 2026 Gemini interaction using Gene Bellinger's AI prompts

Gene Bellinger's CST course requires several causation models to be developed. This is my first sheet of such models.

A shifting the burden structure occurs when there are different ways to address a situation. With one approach being easier, faster, and requiring fewer resources, which do you think gets pursued? The problem is that taking the easier path ensures one will have to take the easier path repeatedly, and makes it harder to pursue the long-term better solution. See also Archetypes.

Theories and models of heredity from Rethinking heredity, again R. Bonduriansky 2012 article

This is the Project Challenge in the Insight Maker Essentials lesson on Kumu. This lesson was developed by Gene Bellinger. I developed this relationship diagram as I was following along watching Gene introduce Insight Maker.

Gene Regulation

What influences sleep quality?

Causal loop summary stimulated by Nate Osgood's 2026 Youtube Video, Design and Implementation of a Generalized Algebraic Theory for Dimensional Stock and Flow Models, based on my gemini interaction May 2026 using Gene Bellinger's AI prompts